Rezumat. • Fondator al companiei Standard Oil In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $200 million—compared to the total national GDP of $24 billion then. El a dat bani pentru cauza Uniunii, așa cum au făcut mulți bogați din Nord care au evitat lupta. [89] He and all of the other stockholders received proportionate shares in each of the 34 companies. He borrowed heavily, reinvested profits, adapted rapidly to changing markets, and fielded observers to track the quickly expanding industry.[52]. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. [88], Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, held over 25% of Standard's stock at the time of the breakup. Clark initiated the idea of the partnership and offered $2,000 towards the goal. [74], Although 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania in the 1880s, oil from wells drilled in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 19 octombrie 2020, ora 17:32. [139], Rockefeller is largely remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. [29] As Rockefeller's wealth grew, so did his giving, primarily to educational and public health causes, but also for basic science and the arts. Then he took a ten-week business course at Folsom's Commercial College, where he studied bookkeeping. A fost primul american a cărui avere a depășit un miliard de dolari.Averea lui John Rockefeller a fost estimata la 340 de miliarde de dolari cand avea 74 de ani, situandu-se la scara istorica pe locul 3, dupa Familia Rothschild si Mansa Musa. [106] Later in his life, Rockefeller recalled: "It was at this moment, that the financial plan of my life was formed". Both percentages were converted into fractions. As he grew rich, his donations became more generous, especially to his church in Cleveland; nevertheless, it was demolished in 1925, and replaced with another building.[106]. Few miners actually belonged to the union or participated in the strike call, but the majority honored it. His father, William Avery Rockefeller, was … His father, William, (also known as "Big Bill") traveled a lot and was known to be involved in shady business deals. John Rockefeller’s life is a true rag to riches story. He admitted that he had made no attempt to bring the militiamen to justice. John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (8. heinäkuuta 1839 Richford, New York – 23. toukokuuta 1937 Ormond Beach, Florida) oli yhdysvaltalainen liikemies, joka perusti maailman suurimman öljy-yhtiön Standard Oilin ja oli aikanaan maailman rikkain mies. i Elize (Davison, 12. rujna 1813. Rockefeller had only $800 saved up at the time and so borrowed $1,000 from his father, "Big Bill" Rockefeller, at 10 percent interest. Standard Oil was the first great business trust in the United States. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost. 00:07:06 - Esta es la biografía de un empresario e inversor estadounidense, que trabajó en la industria petrolera, hasta el punto de monopolizarla. Flagler expanded it to accommodate 600 guests and the hotel soon became one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway. While traveling the South, he would donate large sums of money to churches belonging to the Southern Baptist Convention, various Black churches, as well as other Christian denominations. Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition. It was not meteor-like, but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it, by arduous labors, and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry. In these negotiations, he learned that posted transportation rates that were believed to be fixed could be altered depending on conditions and timing of freight and through the use of rebates to preferred shippers. In the early 1880s, Rockefeller created one of his most important innovations. It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965, after expanding its mission to include graduate education. La moartea lui John D., în 1937, averea sa personală era de 1,5 miliarde de dolari, în condițiile în care PIB-ul Americii, la acea vreme, era de 94 de miliarde. [citation needed], Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. Even with the high costs of freight transportation and a government levy during the Civil War (the government levied a tax of twenty cents a gallon on refined oil), profits on the refined product were large. Standard Oil a câștigat un monopol in industria petrolului prin achiziționarea de rafinării rivale și companii în curs de dezvoltare pentru distribuirea și comercializarea produselor sale în întreaga lume. [9][10][d], Rockefeller spent much of the last 40 years of his life in retirement at Kykuit, his estate in Westchester County, New York, defining the structure of modern philanthropy, along with other key industrialists such as steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. John D. Rockefeller bio je drugo od šestero djece, rođen u Richfordu, u saveznoj državi New York, kao sin Williama Averyja Rockefellera (13. studenoga 1810. Rockefeller finally gave up his dream of controlling all the world's oil refining; he admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Su padre fue John Davison Rockefeller. I would have deplored the necessity which compelled the officers of the company to resort to such measures to supplement the State forces to maintain law and order." During church service, his mother would urge him to contribute his few pennies to the congregation. Between John and William Jr.'s births, Bill and Nancy had a daughter Cornelia. And God was good to me everyday. Afacerile cu petrol comercial au fost în fază incipientă. The New York Times a raportat în 1937: "El a fost acuzat de strivirea concurenței, imbogatindu-se din reducerile impuse căilor ferate, mituirea oamenilor pentru a spiona companiile concurente, de a face acorduri secrete, de constrangerea rivalilor de a adera la Standard Oil Company sub amenințarea iesirii fortate a lor din afaceri, construirea de averi enorme pe ruinarea altor oameni, și așa mai departe. The railroads competed fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company offering special deals to bulk customers like Standard Oil, outside the main oil centers. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[61] Rockefeller had already become a millionaire ($1 million is equivalent to $26 million[39] in 2019 dollars).[62]. The companies' combined net worth rose fivefold and Rockefeller's personal wealth jumped to $900 million. [114] John Rockefeller was impressed by the vision of the school and removed the debt from the school. [53][54] Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company. John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. [citation needed], His mother was deeply religious and disciplined, and had a major influence on him in religious matters. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. John D. Rockefeller Jr. Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. was the only son of John D. Rockefeller and heir to his fortune. [citation needed] The study, an excerpt of which was published in The Atlantic,[15] had been undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He was married to Laura Celesdia Spelman. Rafinăria a fost deținuta direct de către Andrews, Clark & ​​Company, care a fost compus din Clark & ​​Rockefeller, chimist Samuel Andrews, și cei doi frați MB Clark. - 28.ožujka 1889.) Birth John D. Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839. [31] He later stated, "From the beginning, I was trained to work, to save, and to give. Asta cu toate că Standard Oil determinase o scădere a prețului petrolului cu 80%. John D. Rockefeller Jr. later attempted to explain the destruction of the mural, stating, "The picture was obscene and, in the judgment of Rockefeller Center, an offense to good taste. [40], In 1859, Rockefeller went into the produce commission business with a partner, Maurice B. Clark, and they raised $4,000 ($113,822 in 2019 dollars) in capital. https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/profile/john-d-rockefeller [137], Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller:[138], What makes him problematic—and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions—is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad. [85] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell stated she was surprised at its magnitude. These estimates are based on looking at the fraction of GDP which he controlled and adjusting for current US GDP; they are not based on adjusting for the CPI. [83], Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. [46] Likewise, Rockefeller's refineries hired their own plumbers, cutting the cost of pipe-laying in half. Fourth son Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller served as Republican Governor of Arkansas. Skip to main content.us. John was a serious boy. Rockefeller's General Education Board, founded in 1903,[120] was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country. However, he did not intend to eliminate competition entirely. Rockefeller liked the Ormond Beach area so much that after four seasons at the hotel, he bought an estate in Ormond Beach called The Casements. Eliza, o gospodină și baptista devotata, s-a luptat pentru a menține o aparență de stabilitate la domiciliu, William fiind frecvent plecat pentru perioade lungi de timp. The Council, an international nonprofit organization established by John D. Rockefeller in 1952, examines global problems related to reproductive health and population growth. [132], Rockefeller became well known in his later life for the practice of giving dimes to adults and nickels to children wherever he went. Prin 1868, cu Rockefeller ce perpetua practici de împrumut și reinvestea profitul, a detinut controlul asupra costurilor și utilizarii deșeurilor din rafinării , compania detinea două rafinării in Cleveland și o filială de marketing din New York,. In 1901, U.S. Steel, then controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. Rockefeller a fost al doilea din cei șase copii nǎscuți în Richford, New York, ai lui William Avery Rockefeller ( 1810 – 1906) și Eliza (Davison; 1813 – 1889).Genealogii susțin ca a avut ca strămoși francezi hugenoți care au fugit în Germania în secolul XVII. Due to reduced demand for coal, resulting from an economic downturn, many of CF&I's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work. Biografía del autor. He truly believed in the biblical principle found in Luke 6:38, "Give, and it will be given to you. Se le conocía como "Junior", para distinguirlo de su célebre padre, conocido como "Senior".Creció junto a tres hermanas, Alta, Bessie y Edith, siendo el menor de la familia Rockefeller heredó el monopolio de su padre en las empresas petroleras Standard Oil. Biografía de John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller , fundador de Standard Oil Company y uno de los hombres más ricos del mundo, nació en Richford, Nueva York, el 8 de julio de 1839; se mudó con su familia a Cleveland, Ohio, a la edad de 14 años. In 1866, William Rockefeller Jr., John's brother, built another refinery in Cleveland and brought John into the partnership. “I wanted to go in the army and do my part,” Rockefeller said. John D. Rockefeller (8 de julio de 1839-23 de mayo de 1937) fue un astuto hombre de negocios que se convirtió en el primer multimillonario de Estados Unidos en 1916. Rockefeller called her "Miss Tarbarrel" in private but held back in public saying only, "not a word about that misguided woman. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. A devout Northern Baptist, Rockefeller would read the Bible daily, attend prayer meetings twice a week and even led his own Bible study with his wife. [66] Rockefeller was under great strain during the 1870s and 1880s when he was carrying out his plan of consolidation and integration and being attacked by the press. John Rockefeller a fost președintele acesteia și cel mai mare actionar. Grandson Laurance Spelman Rockefeller became a conservationist. Rockefeller said, "It was the day that determined my career. He wrote and published his memoirs beginning in 1908. La 70 de ani de la moartea sa, este inca o figura emblematica pe Wall Street. In 1870, Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company, which eventually became a domineering monopoly in the oil industry. He was born into a large family that did not have any stable source of income. [100], Rockefeller died of arteriosclerosis on May 23, 1937, less than two months shy of his 98th birthday,[101] at "The Casements", his home in Ormond Beach, Florida. Check out this great listen on Audible.com. [130], Rockefeller's fourth main philanthropy, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation, was created in 1918. [citation needed] John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943) revolutionized the American diet by inventing flaked breakfast cereals first known as Wheat Flakes and Corn Flakes. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to petroleum jelly to chewing gum. We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out, for cash, stock, or both, at fair appraisals; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly "more humane toward competitors" than Carnegie; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was "the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day."[136]. John D. Rockefeller, ¿cómo pasó de ser vendedor de piedras a magnate del... John Davison Rockefeller nació en Richford, (Nueva York), el 8 de julio de 1839, en una familia de clase media descendiente de inmigrantes alemanes. Uleiul de balena a devenit prea scump pentru mase, si a fost nevoie de ceva mai ieftin, un combustibil de iluminat de uz general. [99], By 1901 he began wearing toupées. By 1869 there was triple the kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. Salinger", "Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation", "Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism, "Toward a 'Universal Heritage': Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 1884–1913", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_D._Rockefeller&oldid=1011702918, American businesspeople in the oil industry, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Infobox person using certain parameters when dead, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with disputed statements from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles needing additional references from November 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Oil industry business magnate and philanthropist. Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994. Mutarea s-a dovedit extrem de profitabilă pentru familie: după ce a vândut o parte din acțiuni la bursă, averea personală a crescut la 900 de milioane de dolari.Treptat, Rockefeller a cedat frâiele afacerii fiului său John D. Jr, care avea să-și dedice cea mai mare parte a vieții sale activităților filantropice. În 1882, aceste societăți diferite au fost combinate in Standard Oil Trust, care controla aproximativ 90 % din rafinării și conductele națiunii. It endowed Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,[120] the first of its kind. [113] His wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller, was dedicated to civil rights and equality for women. That is, two years after the dissolution of Standard Oil, US Gross Domestic Product 1913-1939 Stuck on Stupid Us Economy. [90] Gould, via Frederick Taylor Gates, Rockefeller's financial adviser, brought John D. Rockefeller in to help finance the loan. John D. Rockefeller. En 1870, Rockefeller fundó Standard Oil Company, que finalmente se convirtió en un monopolio dominante en la industria petrolera. Check out this great listen on Audible.com. În 1867, Henry M. Flagler a devenit un partener, și firma Rockefeller, Andrews si Flagler a fost stabilita. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the trading of oil futures. He is considered to be the richest man in American history, and one of the richest men in the history of the world. In 1884, Rockefeller provided major funding for Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary in Atlanta for African-American women, which became Spelman College. [141] According to his New York Times obituary, "it was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $1,500,000,000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments. She also put up with his philandering and his double life, which included bigamy. He came to associate the church with charity. Despite personal threats and constant pleas for charity, Rockefeller took the new elevated train to his downtown office daily. He said later, "Her judgment was always better than mine. Great-grandson John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV served from 1985 until 2015 as a Democratic Senator from West Virginia after serving as governor of West Virginia,[105] and another Winthrop served as Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas for a decade. John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller Industrial estadounidense Nació el 8 de julio de 1839 en Richford (Nueva York). In February 1914, a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn, but a large contingent remained at Ludlow. Rockefeller later commented:[55]. [68], The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. His company and business practices came under criticism, particularly in the writings of author Ida Tarbell. [95], The casualties suffered at Ludlow mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry. Rockefeller a avut un scop constant înainte de-a intra în afaceri: a face bani în fiecare an din cariera sa. John D. Rockefeller (July 8, 1839–May 23, 1937) continues to rank as one of the richest men in modern times. Cursó estudios en la Universidad Brown. "[50], Instead of wanting to eliminate them, Rockefeller saw himself as the industry's savior, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. [78] In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. Six miles east of Public Square, Forest Hill was the Rockefeller family's country estate and summer home for four decades. If we absorb them, it surely will bring up another. Vida temprana y estudios. Biografía - Rockefeller, John Davidson - [ Translate this page ] Siendo uno de los industriales más poderosos en 1882 crea la Standard Oil Trust. • Fondator al General Education Board. En el año 1911, se convirtió en el presidente general de las empresas Rockefeller tras la jubilación de su padre. High School At the age of 16, while John was in High School, he was an office clerk in Cleveland. En 1853 se trasladó con su familia a Cleveland, Ohio, y en 1859 formó una empresa comisionista que comerciaba en pasto seco, granos, carnes y otras mercancías. "[32], When he was a boy, his family moved to Moravia, New York, and to Owego, New York, in 1851, where he attended Owego Academy. Rockefeller prevailed and the railroad sold its oil interests to Standard. Achetez et téléchargez ebook David Rockefeller Biografía Dinero dinero dinero....: Bajo su mandato, el Chase se expandió internacionalmente (Spanish Edition): Boutique Kindle - Littérature : Amazon.fr [114] John and Laura donated money and supported the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary whose mission was in line with their faith based beliefs. Familia Rockefeller a avut patru fiice (dintre care trei au supraviețuit până la maturitate), și un fiu. [47], A market existed for the refined oil in the form of kerosene. [65], Standard countered, held back its shipments, and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest. Winthrop Rockefeller, Philanthropist: A Life of Change: John, Ward, Ward, John: Amazon.com.mx: Libros John Jr.'s youngest son David Rockefeller was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan (now part of JPMorgan Chase). [123] He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909,[120] an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease,[124] which had long plagued rural areas of the American South. John Davison Rockefeller (Richford, Estados Unidos, 1839 - Ormond Beach, id., 1937) Empresario y filántropo estadounidense que dio inicio a una célebre y poderosa dinastía de magnates y filántropos, la familia Rockefeller. A fost cea mai mare rafinărie de petrol din lume, Rockefeller, Andrews si Flagler fiind predecesorul companiei Standard Oil. Standard Oil a început ca un parteneriat în Ohio format de John D. Rockefeller, fratele său, William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, Jabez Bostwick, chimistul Samuel Andrews și Stephen V. Harkness. [82] Amid the frenetic expansion, Rockefeller began to think of retirement. Before 1870, oil light was only for the wealthy, provided by expensive whale oil. The majority of sources claim 1.5%, while a minority 2% of the American gross domestic product. [8] That was his peak net worth, and amounts to US$418 billion (in 2019 dollars; inflation-adjusted). Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became secretary of Standard Oil. Biografía de John D. Rockefeller, primer multimillonario de Estados Unidos. Bill once bragged, "I cheat my boys every chance I get. The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing. "[106], Rockefeller would support Baptist missionary activity, fund universities, and heavily engage in religious activities at his Cleveland, Ohio, church. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. Esta es la biografía de un empresario e inversor estadounidense, que trabajó en la industria petrolera, hasta el punto de monopolizarla. Mini Bio (1) John D. Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richford, New York, USA as John Davison Rockefeller. I danas u Neuwidu postoje obitelji s tim i sličnim prezimenima. Durante sus modestos inicios como contable de la firma Hewit and Tuttle, emprendió la redacción de una especie de diario económico al que tituló " Libro Mayor A ". Era el único hijo superviviente de John D. Rockefeller y nieto del magnate petrolífero también llamado John D. Rockefeller fundador de Standar Oil. John D. Rockefeller Biografía. "[51] He was well-positioned to take advantage of postwar prosperity and the great expansion westward fostered by the growth of railroads and an oil-fueled economy. În septembrie 1855, când Rockefeller avea șaisprezece ani, a primit primul său loc de muncă, de contabil asistent într-o firma mică a Comisiei numita Hewitt & Tuttle. John D. Rockefeller se ha convertido en todo un mito de la era moderna. Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in tent cities erected by the union, such as the tent city at Ludlow, a railway stop north of Trinidad.[95]. [87] The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. [127] It also built the Peking Union Medical College in China into a notable institution. [57], Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. Biografía de Jhon D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. John Davidson Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richford, NY to Eliza Rockefellar, a homemaker, and William Rockefeller, a con artist. În viața personală, Rockefeller a fost un religios evlavios, un avocat cumpătat și un pasionat jucător de golf. Rockefeller was born into a large family in upstate New York that moved several times before eventually settling in Cleveland, Ohio. John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (8 tháng 7 năm 1839 – 23 tháng 5 năm 1937) là một ông trùm kinh doanh và nhà từ thiện người Mỹ. The strike was fought vigorously by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee, which included Welborn, president of CF&I, a spokesman for the coal operators. John D. Rockefeller's Cleveland roots stretched across the oil-drenched banks and murky flats of Kingsbury Run in Cleveland and ended in the wooded sanctuary at Forest Hill. He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic … A prominent figure in American business history, Rockefeller was an industrialist, philanthropist, and the founder of the Standard Oil Company. O altă fundație avea să poarte numele soției sale, Laura Spelman. [citation needed] In February 1865, in what was later described by oil industry historian Daniel Yergin as a "critical" action, Rockefeller bought out the Clark brothers for $72,500 (equivalent to $1 million[39] in 2019 dollars) at auction and established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews. [50], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying the least efficient competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting his competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. [80], In the 1890s, Rockefeller expanded into iron ore and ore transportation, forcing a collision with steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, and their competition became a major subject of the newspapers and cartoonists. [116] The foundation helped in World War I war relief,[128] and it employed William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada to study industrial relations. Ryan Holiday shows us how some of the most successful people in history-from John D. Rockefeller to Amelia Earhart to Ulysses S. Grant to Steve Jobs-have applied stoicism to overcome difficult or even impossible situations. [121] Rockefeller also provided financial support to such established eastern institutions as Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley and Vassar. He gave money to the Union cause, as did many rich Northerners who avoided combat.